Movement Phases: Preparatory, Execution and Follow Through

PREPARATORY PHASE
In a ready position (the movements that get the player ready for the force-producing movements)

EXECUTION PHASE
The execution phase is when one player performs the movements that produce force, impact or propulsion (kicking, bouncing, hitting, spiking, shooting, passing). It is also at the point of contact or release of the movement.

FOLLOW THROUGH PHASE
This is the body movements after the execution phase. This phase is where the movement slows down after impact and the player prepares for the next action. The follow-through is important in slowing the body parts down over a longer period of time, absorbing the forces produced and helping to prevent injuries.

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EXAMPLES:

Soccer - Inside Pass  

Preparation

1.      Face target

2.      Plant balance (non-kicking) foot beside ball

3.      Point balance foot toward target

4.      Square shoulders and hips to target

5.      Flex balance leg slightly at knee

6.      Swing kicking leg backward

7.      Position kicking foot sideways

8.      Arms out to sides for balance

9.      Head steady

10.  Focus on the ball

Execution

1.      Body over the ball

2.      Swing kicking leg forward

3.      Keep kicking foot firm

4.      Contact center of ball with inside surface of foot

Follow-Through

1.      Transfer weight forward

2.      Generate momentum through ball

3.      Smooth follow-through and point your toes up and away from the midline of your body. Contact the center of the ball with the inside surface of your kicking foot. Make sure that your foot is firmly positioned as you follow through with the kicking motion 

Basketball - Bounce Pass
 
Preparation:
• both hands on the ball
• elbows in, wrist cocked, fingers spread
(use finger pads)

Execution:
• step forward with one foot
• extend arms and snap wrists
• bounce ball on floor approximately 2/3 of
the distance between send and target
(bounce pass)

Follow-Through:
• finish with arms extended and palms facing out and thumbs pointing down 

Basketball - Dribbling

 

Basketball

History 

Dr. James Naismith, a Canadian, was a physical education teacher at YMCA training in Springfield, Massachusetts. Dr. James Naismith needed to create a game that could be played indoors in a small space to keep his football players in shape during the off-season. 

He and his wife designed a game by nailing two peach baskets to the lower railing of the gym balcony. They used the soccer ball to score in the fruit baskets. Every time a point was scored, the janitor would bring out the ladder to get the ball out of the baskets. Eventually, they cut out the bottoms of the baskets. 

The first PUBLIC basketball game was in Springfield, Massachusetts on December 21, 1891. 

Basic Guide to BASKETBALL

The Basics! 
Basketball players move a ball on a court by dribbling, passing, and shooting. Points are scored when a player shoots the ball through the hoop. A basket (or field goal) counts as either two or three points, and free throws count one point each. The team scoring the greater number of points in the allotted time wins the game. 
What's Needed? 
A basketball, basketball sneakers, socks, shorts, and matching jersey. 
How long is a game? 
A basketball game is generally divided into two halves, each ranging from twelve to twenty-four minutes (depending on the league). Many youth leagues play four quarters (as does the National Basketball Association). Play starts with a “jump ball” at center court. After each quarter (or at halftime) teams switch sides. Each team is permitted a certain number of time-outs per half (again depending on league rules). If a game ends in a tie, overtime periods of up to five minutes are usually played until one team outscores the other to win. 

Great Shot

Jump Shot - A shot performed while jumping in the air in which the ball is released at the highest point off the ground. It is often used when shooting over a defender trying to block the ball.

Lay-up - Describes when a player moves to the hoop with the ball, steps up toward the rim, and rolls the ball off his or her fingertips into the basket.

Bank Shot - A shot in which the ball first touches the backboard before it goes into the hoop. A player will often try a bank shot when shooting from a difficult angle.

Dunk (or Jam) - A player jumps in the air and slams the ball into the basket.

Hook Shot - A one-handed shot usually taken from near or inside the key. The shooter faces sideways to the hoop and arcs the ball over the defending player.

Free Throw - A free shot taken from the foul line as the result of a foul. If a player is fouled while in the act of shooting the ball and misses the shot, he or she is given two free throws. If the shooter is fouled but makes the basket then only one free throw is taken. Also, if a non-shooting player is fouled and the opposing team is over its limit of “team fouls,” the fouled player goes to the line to shoot a “one-and-one.” 

Let's Get Personal! 
Personal Foul - Called when illegal body contact occurs between opposing player. Common examples are holding, charging, tripping, blocking, pushing, or interference. A personal foul results in either a player taking free throws or a team losing possession of the ball.

Charging - Called when a player moving with the ball runs into a defender who has established a set guarding position. Possession of the ball goes to the defense.

Blocking - A defensive player may not stand in the way of a dribbling player unless that defender has established a legal guarding stance.

Technical Foul - Called against any player or coach for unsportsmanlike conduct such as swearing or arguing with a referee. A technical foul awards the other team at least one free throw and possession of the ball. If a player or coach receives two technical fouls, he or she is removed from the game.

Three-second Violation - An offensive player without the ball may not stand in the free-throw lane for more than three seconds. Infraction of this rule results in a “turnover.”

Five-second Rule - A closely guarded player holding the ball has five seconds to either pass or advance the ball toward the hoop. When called, possession of the ball goes to the opposite team.

Ten-second Rule - After an “inbound,” offensive players have ten seconds to move the ball from their own “backcourt,” over the midcourt line into their “frontcourt.”
Backcourt Violation - An offensive player with the ball may not cross back over the half-court line once he or she has advanced the ball beyond midcourt. Doing so results in a turnover.

Inbound Violation - Players have five seconds to inbound the ball. If unable to do so the ball goes to the other team.

Basketball Skills:

Basketball Court Diagram:

Defense:

There are two types of defense: zone and man-to-man. Read below for description of these types of defense.

Soccer

This week, we've been doing soccer. We discussed interesting history about how soccer was formed thousands years ago. Hand-out will be posted on this blog and you could print it if you like from here on your own. This is to save papers from my end :)

We did a pre-test on your skills:
1) Inside Pass
2) Outside Pass
3) Trapping: Foot, Body and Head
4) Shooting

After practising skills, we played approximately 20-minute indoor game with rules defined by residence intramural soccer and most of you have shown improvement. Let's hope you're ready for your final skill test.

Before the final test, we will discuss rules and kinds of play for outdoor games and hopefully, we'll play one outdoor soccer game next week.

Below is the information about soccer that you should read and then review before the final exam. 

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HISTORY

MOB SOCCER – During the middle ages – this form of game involved entire villages or towns and was rather chaotic. The teams could have unlimited players, as long as they were from the same village or town. Both teams had to kick the ball towards specific landmarks, and defend their own.

To add more chaos, the ball was made out of inflated pigs' bladders, or leather skins stuffed with all sorts of materials.

Picture two masses of people running towards a poor pig bladder ball, kicking, stomping, punching and pushing each other in the attempt to kick the object to some area...

In medieval France, a game called "La Choule" was usually played in town gatherings, such as just after Sunday church, or on special occasions or holidays. The game itself looked like a combination of soccer, handball, hockey, baseball and kickboxing, since the players of each team had to strike the ball into the opponent's goal, using whatever means necessary and whatever accessories necessary.

For example, one record shows that players were allowed to use sticks or clubs to hit the ball around, although it wasn't always the ball that got hit.

The game was violent in nature and I assume there were plenty occasions where the after-church Choule match ended up with another trip to the church to confess some violent sins.

In England, the game was surrounded by an aura of violence and was considered a dangerous and sinful game. As such, it was banned in 1314 by Nicholas de Farndone, the Mayor of London.

The motive of the ban, as read from de Farndone's decree, is that the game causes "great noise in the city, caused by hustling over large foot balls" of the public "from which many evils might arise". That is also the first reference to the game as "football".

Despite this ban, soccer became to grow in medieval England and it was not long that it was introduced in English public schools in order to keep young boys fit.

The game started becoming slightly more organized, with well defined teams, positions, referees and coaches (deemed "training masters" in early records).

Still, rules would differ from school to school, but the essence was still there.

The examples above come from very clear historical references, but like I said, there's also a great deal of myth surrounding the history of soccer during that period. One legend says that soccer was actually born at public executions, where the henchman would deprive a poor soul of his head, then toss it into the crowd where the masses would kick it with anger.

Although the barbaric nature of this "game" would fit the mentality of the time, there's no proof that this kind of events actually sparked what will soon become organized soccer.

In 1862, a solicitor by the name of Cobb Morley, formed a semi-professional soccer club in Barnes, called the Barnes Club. Seeing that the game needs more organization if it were to be played properly, he suggested creating a governing body for soccer in a local newspaper and the idea grew roots.

On 26 October, 1863, his idea was put to practice, as the founding members of several soccer clubs around London met in the Freemasons' Tavern in the English Capital, setting the base for the future organization, who was deemed "Football Association".

Cobb Morley is rightfully considered the father of soccer, but that's not just because he was the one to spark the idea of the Football Association. He also drew up the Laws of the Game, probably the most important document in the history of soccer, since it held all the official rules around which the game would be played.

Despite its romantic advance in the 19th century, we're currently living the best days in the history of soccer. Today, soccer is truly an international sport and it's statistically proven to be the most popular game in the World, being enjoyed by almost 3 billion people world wide, on all continents.

The World Cup, a tournament organized by FIFA every four years, is considered one of the most important international tournaments, together with the Olympics.

The reason I compared this date to the day the United States Constitution was adopted because the Football Association organized the game into a sportive "constitution" called the Laws of Football. The term "soccer" appeared shortly after, being an abbreviation from "Football Association" (from assoc.) and although not as heavily used as soccer, it was a short, light form to describe the phenomenon.

Reportedly, the man who stands at the origin of the word soccer is Charles Wreford Brown, an Oxford student who always preferred shortened versions of words, such as brekkers for breakfast, or rugger for rugby.

As legend has it, soccer started in a rather grim setting during the middle ages. In Europe and more specifically, in England, the first forms of "mob soccer" were played after public executions, when the head of the poor victim was thrown in the crowd and the mob started kicking it aggressively. With lot's of executions being performed during that period in England, it's easy to understand why the Brits took this sport as their own. Still, leaving legend aside, let's pass on to the fact-based history of soccer balls. 

The most common type of soccer ball in ancient times, at least in Europe and Asia, was made out of animal bladder. Since pigs were the most common source of food for winter sustenance, their bladders were often extracted, cleaned, inflated and kicked around. 

Although pig-bladder soccer balls were quite resistant, they were extremely light and could not have been used for more than a simple game of "hold the ball in the air", so calling them "soccer balls" is an overstatement at best.

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SKILLS:

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SOCCER FIELD

To understand the function of each mark on the field, you should use your exploring skill online and find what the purpose of these marks on the field is.

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HOW TO PLAY SOCCER (RULES):



How Long Is A Game?A soccer game is divided into two halves. Depending on league rules, a half may range from twenty to forty-five minutes, with a ten-minute break in between. The game begins with a “kickoff” at the center circle with each team positioned on its own side of the field. Teams switch sides at halftime. If a game ends in a tie, the contest is declared a draw.

Get A Kick Out Of This!
Center Kickoff - Starts play at the beginning of both halves and after every goal. It is a kick taken from the center circle in which a player from the kicking team strikes the ball forward to his or her own teammate.

Corner Kick - Takes place when the defensive team has kicked the ball “out-of-bounds” over its own end line. The corner kick is taken by a player on the attacking team from the “corner arc” nearest to where the ball left the field.

Goal Kick - A kick taken by a defensive player (often the goalie) after the offensive team has kicked the ball out-of-bounds over the end line. The goal kick is taken from within the goal area and must clear the penalty area before another defensive player is allowed to touch it.

Bicycle Kick - A player extends both legs up in the air over his or her head and, using a bicycling-type motion, kicks the ball backward while falling to the ground.
Offside And Other No-No's!Rules regulate player conduct and how the ball may be played. When a player commits a foul, a penalty is called. Depending on the severity, degree of intent, and location of the foul, the referee will award either a “free kick” or a penalty kick to the opposing team. A player commits a foul if he or she kicks, hits, pushes, holds, charges, or trips an opponent, or touches the ball with his or her hands - whether intentional or not.

Offside - Called against the offense when one of its players moves without the ball behind the last line of defense, with only the goalie separating the player from the goal. When a teammate passes the ball forward to this player or shoots on goal, the violation occurs and results in an “indirect” free kick for the defense.

Hand Ball - No player, other than the goalie, may intentionally touch a ball in play with his or her hands or arms. This violation awards the opposing team a “direct” free kick.

Holding and Tripping - If a player deliberately holds or uses any part of his or her body to trip an opposing player, a direct kick is awarded to the fouled player.

High Kick - A violation on a player who swings his or her foot close to and above the waist of an opposing player. This foul generally results in a direct kick.

Free Kick (Indirect or Direct) - Awarded as the result of a foul. Depending on the degree and severity of the foul, and at the discretion of the referee, a direct or indirect kick is taken by the non-offending team. Generally, a free kick is taken from the spot where the foul occurred, and no opposing player may be within ten yards of the ball before it is kicked.

Indirect Kick - A free kick awarded for less serious rule infractions such as an offside. A goal may not be scored off an indirect kick until the ball touches at least one other player from either team.

Direct Kick-Awarded on more serious or deliberate infractions such as tripping and holding. It is a free kick aimed directly at the goal. The player taking the kick may score a goal without the ball first touching any other player.

Penalty Kick - A kick awarded to the attacking team when a defending player commits a major foul or a hand ball within his or her own 18-yard penalty area. The resulting shot is taken from the penalty mark; only the kicker and goalie may be in the penalty area during this kick. The goalie may not move off the goal line until the ball has been touched by the kicker.

Yellow Card - A caution warning issued by the referee to any player who commits a severe foul or plays in an unsportsmanlike manner.

Red Card - If a player has already received a yellow card or commits an overly aggressive foul, the referee will issue a red card, removing that player for the duration of the game. The player receiving a red card may not be replaced, and his or her team must play with one less player for the remainder of the game.

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More about Indirect Kick and Direct Kick:

http://www.sidelinesoccer.com/direct-vs-indirect-kick

Direct Kick

A direct kick is awarded to the opposing team if a player commits any of the following seven offences in a manner considered by the referee to be careless, reckless or using excessive force:

• Kicks or attempts to kick an opponent
• Trips or attempts to trip an opponent
• Jumps at an opponent
• Charges an opponent
• Strikes or attempts to strike an opponent
• Pushes an opponent
• Tackles an opponent

A direct kick is also awarded to the opposing team if a player commits any of the following three offences:

• Holds an opponent
• Spits at an opponent
• Handles the ball deliberately (except for the goalkeeper within his/her own penalty area)

A direct kick is taken from where the offence occurred. The ball must be stationary when the kick is taken and the kicker must not touch the ball again until it has touched another player.
The referee indicates a direct kick by pointing his/her arm forward. The referee does not have to keep his/her arm in that position, unlike an indirect kick which will be discussed further down.
If a direct kick is kicked directly into the opponent’s goal, a goal is awarded. If, for some weird reason, a direct kick is kicked directly into your team’s own goal, a corner kick is awarded to the opposing team.

Indirect Kick

An indirect kick is awarded to the opposing team if a goalkeeper, inside his own penalty area, commits any of the following offences:

• Touches the ball again with his/her hands after he/she has released it from possession and before it has touched another player
• Touches the ball with his/her hands after it has been deliberately kicked to him/her by a teammate
• Touches the ball with his/her hands after he/she has received it directly from a throw-in by a teammate.

An indirect kick is also awarded to the opposing team if, in the opinion of the referee, a player:

• Plays in a dangerous manner
• Impedes the progress of an opponent
• Prevents the goalkeeper from releasing the ball from his/her hands
• Commits any other offence, not previously mentioned with the direct kick rule, for which play is stopped to caution or send off a player

An indirect kick is taken from the place where the offence occurred. The ball must be stationary when the kick is taken and the kicker must not touch the ball again until it has touched another player.
The referee indicates an indirect kick by raising his/her arm in the air. He/she maintains his/her arm in that position until the kick has been taken and the ball has touched another player or goes out of play.
A goal can be scored from an indirect kick only if the ball touches another player before it enters the goal. If an indirect kick is kicked directly into the opponents’ goal, a goal kick is awarded. If, for some weird reason, an indirect kick is kicked directly into your team’s own goal, a corner kick is awarded to the opposing team.